经济学原理

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WhySurgePricesMakeUsSoMad:WhatSpringsteen,HomeDepot,andaNobelWinnerKnow

NewYorkTimes

WhenBruceSpringsteendecidedtodoarunofshowsataBroadwaytheaterwithfewerthanathousandseats,heappearedtorejectthelawsofeconomics—oratleastwhatwouldseemtobeinhisfinancialbestinterest.

当布鲁斯·斯普林斯汀决定在座位不过千的一家百老汇剧场举办一轮演出时,他看似违反了经济学法则,至少看起来那不符合他自己的最优利益。

Helimitedticketpricestobetween$75and$andhasbeenallocatingthemthroughalotterythatincludesidentityverification.Hisgoalwastopreventscalping.Yetnoteveryonewhosoughtticketsgotthematthoseprices.TheticketsthathaveleakedontotheopenmarketonStubHubrangedinonerecentsearchfrom$1,to$9,.

他将票价限定在75美元到美元之间,通过实名验证抽签来分配门票。他想打击票贩子,可并非所有人都能以平价拿到票。搜索一下,通过StubHub流入公开市场的票,价值在1美元到9美元之间。

ItsurelooksasifMr.Springsteenleftagreatdealofmoneyonthetableandimpededthelawsofthemarketplace.Afterall,somepeoplegotticketsfor$75forwhichotherswerewillingtopayfourfigures.

显而易见,斯普林斯汀少赚了很多钱,且阻碍了市场法则。毕竟有些人75美元就拿到了票,可有人却愿意花四位数来买。

Butthestrategymaybelessirrationalthantherawnumberssuggest.Andunderstandingthehiddenlogicbehindconcertpricing—orhowHomeDepotrespondstoahurricane,orevenhowyourneighborhoodrestauranthandlestheValentine’sDaycrunch—canprovideaguidetosolvingsomeofsociety’sbiggestproblemswhilesatisfyingpeople’sdeepneedforasenseoffairness.

但这种战略心虚不像纯数字看起来那么非理性。弄明白演唱会定价背后隐藏的逻辑,或家得宝商店如何对飓风做出反应,甚或小区里的饭馆如何处理情人节热潮,可为解决社会上某些最大的问题提供指导,还满足了人们对公平的深层需要。

UnderstandingthislogiccanalsowinyouaNobelineconomics.Atleast,itdidrecentlyfortheUniversityofChicagoeconomistRichardH.Thaler,whowashonoredforworkthatincludesstudyofwhatconstitutesfairnessinmarkets.HehasshownthatthesimplisticEconomicsversionofhowmarketswork—inwhichasellerraisespriceshowevermuchittakestomatchdemand—canbeinefficient,oroffendpeople’smoralsensibilities,orboth.

明白这一逻辑能获个诺贝尔奖。至少,芝加哥大学经济学家理查德·塞勒今年就拿到了,他因研究什么构成了市场中的公平而得奖。他证明简单化的经济学基本原理,即市场运作中,卖家加价直到满足需求,这可能是没有效率的,或冒犯了人们的道德感,抑或两者兼有。

Technologyismaking“variable”or“dynamic”pricing—thesamestrategiesthatensureaseatonanairplane,ahotelroomoranUbercararealmostalwaysavailableifyou’rewillingtopaytheprice—moreplausibleinareaswithhugesocialconsequences.

技术手段正让“可变”或“动态”定价在有巨大社会后果的领域显得更加貌似有理,实则不然。那种策略还确保你在飞机上的座位位置、酒店房号或总能叫到优步汽车,只要你愿意花钱。

Dynamicpricingofelectricitycouldhelpbringdownpollution,reduceenergycostsandmakerenewableenergymoreviable.Constantlyadjustingpricesforaccesstohighwaysandcongesteddowntownscouldmaketrafficjams,withalltheresultingwastedtimeandexcessemissions,athingofthepast.Anysectorwheresuppliestendtobefixedbutdemandfluctuates—thewatersupply,healthcare—wouldseemlikeprimecandidatesforvariablepricing.

用电的动态定价有助于降低污染,减低能源成本,让可再生能源更有市场。不断调整使用公路和进入拥堵市中心的价格可以让交通堵塞成为过去,避免浪费时间或过度排放。在任何供给固定而需求波动的部门,例如水、健康保险等,都是可变定价的最优候选者。

Buttechnologists,entrepreneursandregulatorswhowouldgodownthispathfirstneedtolearnafewlessonsfromMr.Thaler—andMr.Springsteen.“Agoodruleofthumbisweshouldn’timposeasetofrulesthatwillcreatemoraloutrage,evenifthatmoraloutrageseemsstupidtoeconomists,”Mr.Thalersaid.

可按这一思路行事的技术人士、企业家和监管者首先该从塞勒先生和斯普林斯汀这里学上几课。“好的经验说,我们不能推行一套会在道义上令人愤慨的法则,即便在经济学家看来,这种愤慨很愚蠢。”塞勒说。

Asitturnsout,whenyoulookatwhenandhowdynamicpricingprovokesoutrage,youdetectsomepatterns—andaguidebookongettingsomeofthebenefitsofeconomicefficiencywithoutfuelingoutragethatdoomstheentireproject.

实际上,当你观察动态定价何时、如何激起公愤时,你会发现一些模式,那可以成为一本指导手册,让你获得经济效率的部分好处,又不激起公愤,从而毁掉整个工程。

Musicianstakingthelongview

Theunderpricingofpopularconcertticketsisnothingnew.Inanearlierera,thiswasvisibleinlonglinesoffanscampingouttobuythem.Now,thegapbetweenfans’willingnesstopayandtheofficialpricedrivesonlineticketmarketplaces,andaconstantcat-and-mousegamepittingconcertpromotersagainstticketbrokers.

流行音乐演唱会的门票推行低定价,这没什么新鲜。从早些年间,粉丝们搭帐篷排长队购票就可见一斑。现在,粉丝的付款意愿高于官方定价,从而催生了在线市场,不停歇的猫鼠游戏让演唱会承办者和票务经纪人对立起来。

AndMr.Springsteen’sshowisgrapplingwiththesamechallengethat“Hamilton,”andotherhotticketsonBroadwayhavefaced:limitedseating,seeminglylimitlessdemand.

斯普林斯汀先生的演出要应对的挑战和《汉密尔顿》等其他百老汇热门演出一样:座位有限、需求貌似无穷。

ResearchbytheeconomistsMarieConnollyoftheUniversityofQuebecandAlanKruegerofPrincetonbasedonasampleofmajorconcertsin6estimatedthatartistsandpromotersleftabout5percentofpotentialin







































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